Okay, I will complete the “Isomers” section based on your structure. I will not modify the tables.
Intramolecular forces.
U cant break covalent bonds without a chemical change.
Intermolecular forces
forces of attraction between two molecules
much weaker
- Dictate physical changes
- Does not change the substance
LDF
- Temporary force based off of a side of the atom the electrons are on
- The strength is directly related to the number of electrons and protons in the given molecule
Dipole-Dipole
- occurs between polar molecules having dipoles
- polarity is determined is determined by the polarity of the bond and the shape of the molecule
H-Bonds
- Type of dipole-dipole interaction
- Strongest
- Occurers betwen Hydrogen atoms in one molecule and highly electronegative atoms (F,O,N) in another.
- Still only 1/10 the strength of a covalent bond
- Can ONLY happen with H to F, O or N
Isomers
Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of their atoms.
Structural (Constitutional) Isomers
- Atoms are connected in a different order (different bonding sequence).
- They have different IUPAC names and often different physical and chemical properties.
- Functional Group Isomers: A subtype of structural isomers where the molecules have the same molecular formula but different functional groups (e.g., an alcohol and an ether with the same formula).
Stereoisomers
- Atoms are connected in the same order, but differ in their spatial arrangement.
- Geometric Isomers (“cis-trans” isomers)
- Differ in the placement of groups around a rigid structure, typically a double bond or a ring.
- cis: Similar groups are on the same side of the double bond/ring.
- trans: Similar groups are on opposite sides of the double bond/ring.
- Differ in the placement of groups around a rigid structure, typically a double bond or a ring.
- Enantiomers (Optical Isomers)
- Molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other (like left and right hands).
- Occur in molecules with a chiral center (usually a carbon atom bonded to four different groups).
- Have identical physical properties (melting point, boiling point, density) except for their interaction with plane-polarized light and other chiral molecules.
- Diastereomers: Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. Geometric isomers are a type of diastereomer. Molecules with multiple chiral centers can also have diastereomers.
Naming
- the prefix indicates the number of carbon atoms
- the ending indicates the function groups of the structure ( “ene”, “ol)
- any branches are indicated BEFORE the prefix
BRANCHES # of C’s BONDS FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
^ syntax
Naming branched hydrocarbons
- Identify longest controus chanin or ring of carbon atoms
- number the carbons that give the lowest sum for number of branches
- Name each branch and indicate it;‘s locstion with a anumber
- List the branches in alph order before the prefix
- Comma seperate numbers and hypdens to separate numbers from words
- If there are more than one of hte same branhc, Greek prefixes (di,tri,hex) can be used
halogens go first
OH above BR? learn
Prefixes
- Meth
- Eth
- Prop
- But
- Pent
- hex
- hept
- oct
- non
- dec
- undec
- dodec
Additional Prefixes For benzene
1,2 - Ortho
1,3 - Meta
1,4 - Para
Alkenes
- When you have 4 or more carbons you need to show where the = is.
- If it has cis or trans configuration that would be indicated before the number
- This is for the hydrogens. cis is if they are on same side, trans is if on opposite sides
- For cis line dig rams. Instead of zig-zags you need to go flat for the cis
Alkynes
- both double and triple bonds have equal priority. However if the numbering is the same, the smaller value gets the priority. (smaller value?)
- In the case where the double and triple bond have the sam
Organic Family | Naming Rules | Example | Hydrogen Formula |
---|---|---|---|
Alkanes | ${prefix}-ane | butane | |
Alkenes | |||
Alkynes | |||
cyclos |
Physical Properties
Organic Family | Functional Group | Polar or Non-Polar | Intermoleculer forces | Physical Properties | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alkanes | Non polar. If you add stuff besides C/H it can become Polar | ||||
Alkenes | |||||
Alkynes | |||||
cyclos | |||||
Aromatics | Benzene Ring | phenyl if not the main chain | |||
Ethers | R-O-R | ||||
Alcohols | R-OH | ||||
peroxides | R—O—O—R | Non-polar unless R is just hydrogen | LDF (dipole-dipole / H-Bonds if one of the Rs is hydrogen) | the O-O bond is unstable and breaks down easily into R-O and O-R which makes it able to disolve in water. Can be severe fire or explosive hazards | |
Aldehydes | |||||
Ketones | |||||
caroxylic acids | |||||
Esters | |||||
Amines | |||||
Amides |
Benzene
- Planar molecule
- the C-C bonds are always the same length and energy which shows that the bonds are not true double/single bonds
Alcohols
- Primary
- is at the end of the chain (e.g. `butan-1-ol)
- so attached to a that is only attached to one other (ergo two other )
- Secondary
- The is attached to a with one (e.g. (
butan-2-ol
)
- The is attached to a with one (e.g. (
- Tertiary
- the is attached to a with no ‘s (three carbons) (e.g. `methylpropan-2-ol)
Naming
- Determine the name of the main chain containing the
hydroxyl
group - remove the
e
from the end of the main chain and addol
- Indicate the number to which the is bonded to starting at 3 carbons using the same ruels as double/triple bonds
- If you have multiple groups, use greek prefixes (i.e. di, tri)
Call it hydroxy if it’s a branch
Lowest priority, above amine
Ethers
Used as anaesthetic
Naming
- The longest Carbon chain connected to the oxygen is the base name
- Add
oxy
to the end of the prefix for the other carbon chain (e.g. methoxy, proan-2-oxy) - Indicate where it is by adding a number
Peroxides
R-O-O-R
- Pretty unstable, breaks down into an Ethers and oxygen gas
Naming
- Take the two R chains, add yl to the end of both in alpha order, add perodixde at the end
- e.g.
butyl ethyl peroxide
- e.g.
Aldehydes and Ketones
Both contain a bond
Functional Isomers of each other
- Aldehydes
- Carbonyl group is attached to an end carbon
- Ketones
- Carbonyl group attached anywhere else
Naming
- take long chain, remove e and add (al for Aldehydes and one for Ketone) as an ending
- Has priority over keyone or alcohols, less than others
If you have both cases, you use al as the suffix and add oxo as a branch
Carboxylic Acids
- Contains the carboxyl functional group
Naming
- Find logest chain, remove the “e” and add oic acid
Esters
Responsible for tastes and odours
Made from an alchohol and a carboxylic acid
Essentially a Carboxylic acid with a -R at the end
Naming
- Use the yl for part attached to oxygen, other part ends with oate i.e. alkyl ___oate
Highest priority besides carboxylic acids
for both sides, the carbon attached is carbon #1
methyl propanoate
propan-2-yl ethanote
Reactions
Combustion
All families will undergo combustion, they are all hydrocarbons
Substitution
An atom or group on the chain is replaced with another
Require energy to occur, conditions matter
- Alkanes
- With: halogen
- Catalyst: UV light
- Products: Haloalkane + hydrogen halide
- Aromatics
- With: Halogens
- Catalyst:
- Products: Halobenzene + hydrogen halide
- With: Nitric Acid
- Catalyst: Sulphuric acid
- Products: nitrobenzene + water
- Alcohols
- With: hydrogen halide
- Catelyst: (lucas reagent)
- Products: Alkyl halide + water
- Notes: Always replaces the group.
- Ethers (R-O-R)
- With: 2 binary acids
- Catalyst: Heat
- Products: 2 alkyl halides + water
- Notes: splits the ether at either side of the O. So it becomes H2O + -binary -Binary
- Amines (Ammonia)
- with: alyk halide
- catalyst: None
- Products: Amine + Hydrogen halide
Consider the possible products. e.g. in propane, 6 are 1-propane 2 would be 2-propane (the middle bonds)
Naming
1-bromo-3-methylcyclobutane
1-chloro-2,4-dimethylcyclypentane
4-methylhex-trans-2-ene
3-methylhex-cis-4-trans-2-diene
how to write cis in cyclos
3-ethyl-cyclopent-1-ene
c)
7-methyl-3-propan-2-yldec-5-yne
f)
6-bromo-3,4-dimethylhept-cis-5-en-1-yne
propoxybenzene
propan-2-oxycyclopent-1-ene
2-methoxyhexane
1,3-dimethoxycyclohexane
5,6-dichlorohept-trans-5-en-2-one
2,3-dimethylcyclopentanone
6-hydroxyhexan-2-one
3-oxohex-cis-4-enal
4-hydroxypentanoic acid
butan-1,4-dioic acid
3-chloro-4-methyl-pentanoic acid
cyclopentyl-pentaoic acid
TODO:
- VBT stands for
- learn about it
- sigma vs pi bonds
- hybridization
- Network solids highest melting (e.g. diamonds
- trigonal’s lone pair. why is it only one
- why does vbt not use hridized orbitals
- sp3 hybridization wtf that mean
- hybrid vs pi bonds