Organic Chemistry

Okay, I will complete the “Isomers” section based on your structure. I will not modify the tables.

U cant break covalent bonds without a chemical change.

forces of attraction between two molecules

much weaker

Temporary force based off of a side of the atom the electrons are on
The strength is directly related to the number of electrons and protons in the given molecule

occurs between polar molecules having dipoles
polarity is determined is determined by the polarity of the bond and the shape of the molecule

Type of dipole-dipole interaction
Strongest
Occurers betwen Hydrogen atoms in one molecule and highly electronegative atoms (F,O,N) in another.
Still only 1/10 the strength of a covalent bond
Can ONLY happen with H to F, O or N

Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of their atoms.

Atoms are connected in a different order (different bonding sequence).
They have different IUPAC names and often different physical and chemical properties.
Functional Group Isomers: A subtype of structural isomers where the molecules have the same molecular formula but different functional groups (e.g., an alcohol and an ether with the same formula).

Atoms are connected in the same order, but differ in their spatial arrangement.

Geometric Isomers (“cis-trans” isomers)
1. Differ in the placement of groups around a rigid structure, typically a double bond or a ring.
  - cis: Similar groups are on the same side of the double bond/ring.
  - trans: Similar groups are on opposite sides of the double bond/ring.
Enantiomers (Optical Isomers)
1. Molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other (like left and right hands).
2. Occur in molecules with a chiral center (usually a carbon atom bonded to four different groups).
3. Have identical physical properties (melting point, boiling point, density) except for their interaction with plane-polarized light and other chiral molecules.
4. Diastereomers: Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. Geometric isomers are a type of diastereomer. Molecules with multiple chiral centers can also have diastereomers.

Naming

the prefix indicates the number of carbon atoms
the ending indicates the function groups of the structure ( $C = C$ “ene”, $- O H$ “ol)
any branches are indicated BEFORE the prefix

BRANCHES # of C’s BONDS FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
^ syntax

Naming branched hydrocarbons

Identify longest controus chanin or ring of carbon atoms
number the carbons that give the lowest sum for number of branches
Name each branch and indicate it;‘s locstion with a anumber
List the branches in alph order before the prefix
Comma seperate numbers and hypdens to separate numbers from words
If there are more than one of hte same branhc, Greek prefixes (di,tri,hex) can be used

Organic Family	Functional Group	Polar or Non-Polar	Intermoleculer forces	Physical Properties
Alkanes		Non polar. If you add stuff besides C/H it can become Polar
Alkenes
Alkynes
cyclos
Aromatics
Etyers
Alcohols
peroxides	R—O—O—R	Non-polar unless R is just hydrogen	LDF (dipole-dipole / H-Bonds if one of the Rs is hydrogen)	the O-O bond is unstable and breaks down easily into R-O and O-R which makes it able to disolve in water. Can be severe fire or explosive hazards
Aldehydes
Ketones
caroxylic acids
Esters
Amines
Amides

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