Organic Chemistry

Okay, I will complete the “Isomers” section based on your structure. I will not modify the tables.

Intramolecular forces.

U cant break covalent bonds without a chemical change.

Intermolecular forces

forces of attraction between two molecules

much weaker

• Dictate physical changes
• Does not change the substance

LDF

• Temporary force based off of a side of the atom the electrons are on
• The strength is directly related to the number of electrons and protons in the given molecule

Dipole-Dipole

• occurs between polar molecules having dipoles
• polarity is determined is determined by the polarity of the bond and the shape of the molecule

H-Bonds

• Type of dipole-dipole interaction
• Strongest
• Occurers betwen Hydrogen atoms in one molecule and highly electronegative atoms (F,O,N) in another.
• Still only 1/10 the strength of a covalent bond
• Can ONLY happen with H to F, O or N

Isomers

Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of their atoms.

Structural (Constitutional) Isomers

• Atoms are connected in a different order (different bonding sequence).
• They have different IUPAC names and often different physical and chemical properties.
• Functional Group Isomers: A subtype of structural isomers where the molecules have the same molecular formula but different functional groups (e.g., an alcohol and an ether with the same formula).

Stereoisomers

• Atoms are connected in the same order, but differ in their spatial arrangement.

1. Geometric Isomers (“cis-trans” isomers)
   1. Differ in the placement of groups around a rigid structure, typically a double bond or a ring.
      • cis: Similar groups are on the same side of the double bond/ring.
      • trans: Similar groups are on opposite sides of the double bond/ring.
2. Enantiomers (Optical Isomers)
   1. Molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other (like left and right hands).
   2. Occur in molecules with a chiral center (usually a carbon atom bonded to four different groups).
   3. Have identical physical properties (melting point, boiling point, density) except for their interaction with plane-polarized light and other chiral molecules.
   4. Diastereomers: Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. Geometric isomers are a type of diastereomer. Molecules with multiple chiral centers can also have diastereomers.

Naming

• the prefix indicates the number of carbon atoms
• the ending indicates the function groups of the structure ($C=C$ “ene”, $-OH$ “ol)
• any branches are indicated BEFORE the prefix

BRANCHES # of C’s BONDS FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
^ syntax

Naming branched hydrocarbons

1. Identify longest controus chanin or ring of carbon atoms
2. number the carbons that give the lowest sum for number of branches
3. Name each branch and indicate it;‘s locstion with a anumber
4. List the branches in alph order before the prefix
5. Comma seperate numbers and hypdens to separate numbers from words
6. If there are more than one of hte same branhc, Greek prefixes (di,tri,hex) can be used

halogens go first
OH above BR? learn

Prefixes

1. Meth
2. Eth
3. Prop
4. But
5. Pent
6. hex
7. hept
8. oct
9. non
10. dec
11. undec
12. dodec

Additional Prefixes For benzene

1,2 - Ortho
1,3 - Meta
1,4 - Para

Alkenes

• When you have 4 or more carbons you need to show where the = is.
• If it has cis or trans configuration that would be indicated before the number
  • This is for the hydrogens. cis is if they are on same side, trans is if on opposite sides
  • For cis line dig rams. Instead of zig-zags you need to go flat for the cis

Alkynes

• both double and triple bonds have equal priority. However if the numbering is the same, the smaller value gets the priority. (smaller value?)
• In the case where the double and triple bond have the sam

Organic Family	Naming Rules	Example	Hydrogen Formula
Alkanes	${prefix}-ane	butane	$C_n{H}_{2n+2}$
Alkenes
Alkynes
cyclos

Physical Properties

Organic Family	Functional Group	Polar or Non-Polar	Intermoleculer forces	Physical Properties	Notes
Alkanes		Non polar. If you add stuff besides C/H it can become Polar
Alkenes
Alkynes
cyclos
Aromatics	Benzene Ring				phenyl if not the main chain
Ethers	R-O-R
Alcohols	R-OH
peroxides	R—O—O—R	Non-polar unless R is just hydrogen	LDF (dipole-dipole / H-Bonds if one of the Rs is hydrogen)	the O-O bond is unstable and breaks down easily into R-O and O-R which makes it able to disolve in water. Can be severe fire or explosive hazards
Aldehydes
Ketones
caroxylic acids
Esters
Amines
Amides

Benzene

• Planar molecule
• the C-C bonds are always the same length and energy which shows that the bonds are not true double/single bonds

Alcohols

1. Primary
   1. $-OH$ is at the end of the chain (e.g. `butan-1-ol)
   2. so attached to a $C$ that is only attached to one other $C$ (ergo two other $H$)
2. Secondary
   1. The $-OH$ is attached to a $C$ with one $H$ (e.g. (butan-2-ol)
3. Tertiary
   1. the $-OH$ is attached to a $C$ with no $H$‘s (three carbons) (e.g. `methylpropan-2-ol)

Naming

1. Determine the name of the main chain containing the hydroxyl group
2. remove the e from the end of the main chain and add ol
3. Indicate the number to which the $-OH$ is bonded to starting at 3 carbons using the same ruels as double/triple bonds
4. If you have multiple $-OH$ groups, use greek prefixes (i.e. di, tri)

Call it hydroxy if it’s a branch
Lowest priority, above amine

Ethers

Used as anaesthetic

Naming

1. The longest Carbon chain connected to the oxygen is the base name
2. Add oxy to the end of the prefix for the other carbon chain (e.g. methoxy, proan-2-oxy)
3. Indicate where it is by adding a number

Peroxides

R-O-O-R

• Pretty unstable, breaks down into an Ethers and oxygen gas

Naming

1. Take the two R chains, add yl to the end of both in alpha order, add perodixde at the end
   1. e.g. butyl ethyl peroxide

Aldehydes and Ketones

Both contain a $C=O$ bond
Functional Isomers of each other

• Aldehydes
  • Carbonyl group is attached to an end carbon
• Ketones
  • Carbonyl group attached anywhere else

Naming

1. take long chain, remove e and add (al for Aldehydes and one for Ketone) as an ending
2. Has priority over keyone or alcohols, less than others

If you have both cases, you use al as the suffix and add oxo as a branch

Carboxylic Acids

• Contains the carboxyl functional group $\text{chemfig}R-C(=O)-OH$

Naming

1. Find logest chain, remove the “e” and add oic acid

Esters

Responsible for tastes and odours

Made from an alchohol and a carboxylic acid
Essentially a Carboxylic acid with a -R at the end

Naming

1. Use the yl for part attached to oxygen, other part ends with oate i.e. alkyl ___oate
   Highest priority besides carboxylic acids
   for both sides, the carbon attached is carbon #1

methyl propanoate

propan-2-yl ethanote

Reactions

Combustion

All families will undergo combustion, they are all hydrocarbons

$$\begin{array}{rl}& Complete:Organic+O_2\to C{O}_2+H_{2}O\\ & \\ & Incomplete:Organic+O_2\to CO+C{O}_2+H_{2}O\end{array}$$

Substitution

An atom or group on the chain is replaced with another
Require energy to occur, conditions matter

1. Alkanes
   • With: halogen
   • Catalyst: UV light
   • Products: Haloalkane + hydrogen halide
2. Aromatics
   • With: Halogens
   • Catalyst: $FeB{r}_3$
   • Products: Halobenzene + hydrogen halide
   • With: Nitric Acid
   • Catalyst: Sulphuric acid
   • Products: nitrobenzene + water
3. Alcohols
   • With: hydrogen halide
   • Catelyst: $ZnC{L}_2$ (lucas reagent)
   • Products: Alkyl halide + water
   • Notes: Always replaces the $-OH$ group.
4. Ethers (R-O-R)
   • With: 2 binary acids
   • Catalyst: Heat $\Delta$
   • Products: 2 alkyl halides + water
   • Notes: splits the ether at either side of the O. So it becomes H2O + $R_1$-binary $R_2$-Binary
5. Amines (Ammonia)
   • with: alyk halide
   • catalyst: None
   • Products: Amine + Hydrogen halide

Consider the possible products. e.g. in propane, 6 are 1-propane 2 would be 2-propane (the middle bonds)

Naming

1-bromo-3-methylcyclobutane

1-chloro-2,4-dimethylcyclypentane

4-methylhex-trans-2-ene

3-methylhex-cis-4-trans-2-diene

how to write cis in cyclos

3-ethyl-cyclopent-1-ene

c)

7-methyl-3-propan-2-yldec-5-yne

f)

6-bromo-3,4-dimethylhept-cis-5-en-1-yne

propoxybenzene
propan-2-oxycyclopent-1-ene
2-methoxyhexane
1,3-dimethoxycyclohexane
5,6-dichlorohept-trans-5-en-2-one
2,3-dimethylcyclopentanone
6-hydroxyhexan-2-one
3-oxohex-cis-4-enal
4-hydroxypentanoic acid
butan-1,4-dioic acid
3-chloro-4-methyl-pentanoic acid

cyclopentyl-pentaoic acid

TODO:

• VBT stands for
  • learn about it
• sigma vs pi bonds
• hybridization
• Network solids highest melting (e.g. diamonds
• trigonal’s lone pair. why is it only one
• why does vbt not use hridized orbitals
• sp3 hybridization wtf that mean
• hybrid vs pi bonds