11 - HSP3U1 - SAP

`> Intro to Sociology, Anthropology & Phycology

Words of Wisdom

• It’s near impossible to think without language

Definitions

Quotes

Sep 5, 2024 ~ Francisco Goya

Fantasy. abandoned by reason, produces impossible monsters; unted with it, she is the mother of the arts and the origin of marvels.

Sep, 6, 2024 ~

Contents

Notes

Humans are strongly monogamousX 

Definitions

A Theory

A theory is a “framework” for organizing facts (with Observable evidence)

• Theories may explain how and why something happens.
• Has to predict something

Observable evidence

A fact

The Devine Logos

NOTE

Logic comes from Logos, a Greek word

Ology

The order of the x

Psychology

The order of the Physie… mind!

Psychology

The science that studies the mental processes and behavior of person/s

Sociology

The science that studies human relations, their causes and consequences and the social structure that people build around them.

Studies people as members of groups and how social structures effect behavior.

Macro Level - Looks at structures of society, how it functions and effects your behavior.

Micro Level - Explain the different forces and influences that shape how someone grows up and the forces that effect individual behavior.

Anthropology

The science that studies the development of humanity. Both physical and culturally.

It takes a winder view of the human race > They investigate human behavior at a world-wide level. comparing species to species

Physical

Studies how humans as a species biologically changed over time. As well as how various modern people differ biologically.

• We behave the way we do because it was important for our survival.

Cultural

Investigates the way that people’s behaviors have developed, how people have passed on customs over the ages and how these learned behaviors differ throughout the world today

Archeology

Studies cultures that existed in the past

Ethnography

Studies cultures still in existence

Linguistics

Studies the evolution and structure of language

Darwin

Born: 1809
sailed as a “naturalist” on HMS Beagle

Changes in the environment, cause biological changes in organisisms

Struggle to survive + Random mutations + Environmental change → Adaptations → repeat → New Species!

Hominid Diversity

3.5M years ago there were 3 species of australopithecus (southern ape)

Homo habilis (the handyman) 2.5 MYA tool making started

• Omnivorus

There were about 600 breeding adults left ~ 60k years ago

Terms

Primate

• The order of mammals which humans belong to

Hominid

• A bi-pedal primate

How Do Social Scientists Study The Human Species

Economic systems

• The means to produce and distribute the means to survive

New unit

• Id The unconscious, impulsive, and pleasure-seeking part of the mind that drives aggression and sexual energy.
• Ego The conscious part of the mind that balances the id’s desires with the superego’s morality and reality. The ego makes decisions and includes memories and thoughts. Our sense of self
• Superego The judgmental and morally correct part of the mind that attempts to mediate the id to conform to social standards. The superego is established through identification with parental figures and social groups.

Repression: An unresolved childhood conflict that still effects your behavior

Freudian Stages of development

• All conflicts are focused on sexual pleasure in the “erogenous zones” (month, anus, genitals)
• If we fail progress in a stage then we become fixated.

2. Reasons for Fixation:
   1. Frustration occurs - needs not met
   2. Overindulgence - needs are oversensitive

• the Id is the only aspect of our mind we are born with - it is sexual
• As we grow, the ego & superego develop due to societal demands & reality

Stage 1: Oral

Stage 2: Anal

• Potty train

Stage 3 Phallic: 3-6

• Sexual interests begin to emerge
• Children desire to… possess their opposite sex parent

Stage 4 Latency: 6-puberty (~12)

• Children focus on same sex play

Stage 5: Genital puberty - adulthood

• Re-emergence of sexual interests
• As long as past psycho-sexual conflicts were resolved, child will develop healthy relationships

John Watson:

• Behavior is solely up to nurture
• Watson’s perspective focuses more on the outcome compared to how to get there.

Classic Conditioning

Acquiring patterns of behaviour in the presence of a stimulus

Punishments are good for taking away behaviours
Rewards are good for Teaching a new behaviour

Reinforcement

Positive = Giving
Negative = Taking away

Intermittent reinforcement

Used by casinos

Constant renforcement in the background

Negative reinforcement

Removing a undesired stimulus that when removed strengthens a behaviour.

Behaviourism

The idea that ALL behaviour is the the result of learning that occurs through Conditioning.
Behaviourists believe that we can understand, change and modify all human behaviour by manipulating their environmental factors.

1. 1. US: The shock
   2. UR: Feeling the pain of the shock
   3. CS: The thought of touching the projector
   4. CR: Hesitation
2. 1. US: The food/being hungry
   2. UR: Hunger
   3. CS: Entering the kitchen
   4. CR: Feeling hungry
3. s
   1. US: Getting close to a cat
   2. UR: Allergic response
   3. CR: Hating
   4. CS: Seeing cats - he is allgerg
4. CS
   1. US: Getting fed
   2. UR: Running to eat the food
   3. CS: Hearing the can opener
   4. CR: Running to eat the food